Market Structure in Aircraft Manufacturing

Market structure in the aircraft manufacturing industry The market for commercial passenger aircraft is an oligopoly dominated by Boeing and Airbus. Critically evaluate competitive factors which influence firm growth, new product Development and pricing in the commercial aircraft market. [60%] How is the commercial aircraft market different from the market for personal computers, In terms of market structure, new product design and growth opportunities? [40%] Ensure that you make use of an appropriate economics based theoretical framework Which employs suitable concepts developed in this course, as well as appropriate examples? Oligopoly is a form of market structure known as imperfect competition a) There are a small number of players or firms which have and exercise market power for example supermarkets in the uk. In aircraft manufacturing industry it is even more concentrated there is only two major players namely Airbus and Boeing. Implications are that the importance of a small number of large customers makes it sensible for suppliers to invest heavily in close long term relationships with them. Key account management is essential considering 80% of output is being to 20% of customers. ) Products are differentiated which allows firms to price them differently. c) High capital usage(and large fixed costs)and research and development mean that the optimal firm size is very large, resulting in a small number of sellers(producers/firms). d) Huge impacts of patents and research and development costs, as well as intellectual property rights. e) Economies of scale f) High government regulation(health and safety)recently Air has had a number of problems with Royce Royce engines on the A380 which has led to a number of planes being grounded

How Many Different Types of Memory System Are There?

Although the belief that memory is composed of several distinct systems is not novel, it is only around the mid 20th century that experimental studies carried out on amnesic patients have started to confirm it (Squire, 2004). This essay will discuss the different types of memory systems that have been found, their distinctions and evidence supporting their existence derived from studies on amnesiacs. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model suggests that memory is a flow of information processed through three stores (Myers, 2010).The first system called sensory memory (SM) processes mainly visual and auditory information from our environment (Myers, 2010). It is made up of several components associated with each sense and filters information experienced by the senses – iconic SM which receives visual information has a very short retention time of merely a half of a second while echoic SM which receives auditory stimuli has a slightly longer retention time of thr ee to four seconds (Sperling, 1960; Myers, 2010). If attention is brought to sensory information, it is transferred to the next system called short term memory (STM) (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968).This system processes visual and auditory information received from SM for approximately one minute and also temporarily uses retrieved information from the long-term memory for problem-solving (Myers, 2010). Miller’s (1956) study has shown that STM is not only limited in retention duration but also in capacity having on average a storage capacity of seven bits of information whether verbal or numerical (Myers, 2010). The last system is long term memory (LTM), often referred to as the ‘permanent storage’ (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968).As its name suggests, it has unlimited capacity to store a vast amount of information such as motor skills, language, autobiographical and factual information (Baddeley, Eysenck, & Anderson, 2009). The three basic memory stores are distinct from each other in terms of encoded information, capacity and duration of information retention (McLeod, 2007). One of the strongest evidence to support this distinction lies in Murdock’s (1962) experiment – when presented with a list of words, the tendency was that the participants would more likely recall the first words (primacy effect) and the last words (recency effect) than the words in the iddle of the list (Myers, 2010). This is known as the serial position effect whereby the first words are recalled since they have been transferred to LTM and the last words were still accessible in STM (Myers, 2010). However, the middle words were present for too long to be in the STM but not long enough to be encoded in LTM, giving evidence that STM and LTM are two different and separate stores (McLeod, 2008). Research on patients suffering from amnesia also support the multi-store model (Groome, 2006).One classic case is reported by Corkin (1968) about a patient HM who suffered from anterograde amnesia – He was unable to form new memories and lost part of his existing memories (Groome, 2006). However, despite his inability to create new memories, he was still able to have a conversation thus indicating that his STM processes were intact with normal capacity and duration (Wickelgren, 1968 as cited in Groome, 2006). He lost the capacity of only one store hence supporting the idea that STM and LTM are separated (Groome, 2006).Another case is a patient known as KF who suffered damaged to his STM – he was still able to temporarily recall visual information but could not process auditory information which made conversation difficult (Myers, 2010). On the other hand, his LTM processes were retained, again providing evidence that STM and LTM are separated systems (Myers, 2010). Although KF’s case study explicitly provides strong evidence for distinction of STM and LTM, it also questions the idea of having only one STM (Groome, 2006).The damage in KF’s STM seemed to have only affected the echoic and verbal aspects leaving the visual aspects intact (Groome, 2006). This suggests that STM is more complex and has separate stores for visual and auditory processing (Groome, 2006). Based on this finding, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that STM illustrated by the multi-store model is too simplistic (McLeod, 2008). They developed another model of STM known as the Working Memory (WM) which comprised of a two subsystems controlled by the central executive (Groome, 2006).The central executive takes on cognitive processes such as problem-solving while controlling allocation of data to the two subsystems namely Phonological loop (PL) which deals with auditory and speech-based information and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS) which, as its name suggests, holds information about visual and spatial information (McLeod, 2008; Groome, 2006). By analyzing in more depth KF’s case study, it is reported that KF had suffered impairme nt of his PL but still had his VSS abilities, hence providing support that STM is not unitary but in fact divided into subsystems (Warrington & Shallice, 1972 as cited in Groome, 2006).Similarly, HM who had an impaired LTM was unable to form new memories but surprisingly could still learn new motor skills although he was not aware that he actually learnt the skills (Groome, 2006). This finding questions the unified nature of LTM and suggests that there are two memory systems (Squire, 2004). McDougall (1924) investigated the term implicit memory which involves unconscious learning and explicit memory which involves learning with consciousness (Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, 1987; Brooks, 2012).Cohen and Squire (1980) suggested that amnesiacs such as HM had an impaired explicit or declarative memory which hindered their abilities to recall previous or make new memories of facts and events (Groome, 2006). They referred implicit memory as procedural memory involved in knowledge of ski lls which would explain why HM could still learn new motor skills (Groome, 2006). According to Tulving, Schacter and Stark (1982), declarative or explicit memory can be further separated into two conscious systems: episodic and semantic memory (Squire, 2004).Episodic memory contains autobiographical contents, is a record of a person’s personal history such as birth dates and deals with past experiences (Tulving 1972; 1993; 2002). In contrast, semantic memory is a storage system of facts, meanings of words and general knowledge of the world such as the capital of cities (Tulving, 1972). Research on memory is arduous and the problems questioned are not easily solved (Tulving, 1985). At the beginning, the answer to the title question would be ‘three’ but when looking into further research based on studies of amnesiacs, the number increased to about approximately ‘seven’.However, being aware of the difficult nature of memory and the limitations of its st udy, the more reasonable and sensible answer would be ‘at least three and probably many more’ (Tulving, 1985). References Atkinson, R. C. , & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spense (Eds. ), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 13-195). New York, NY: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. D. , Eysenck, M. W. , & Anderson, M. C. (2009). Memory. New York: Psychology Press. Baddeley, A.D. , & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed. ), Recent advances in learning and motivation (pp. 47-90). New York, NY: Academic Press. Brooks, S. L. (2012). Long-term memory of American Sign Language in a chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes). Master of Science in Interdisciplinary Studies. San Diego State University. Cohen, N. J. , & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of â€Å"knowing how† and â€Å"knowing that? ‘ Science, 210. Milner, B. , Corkin, S. , & Teuber, H. L. 1968). Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14 year follow-up study of H. M.. Neuropsychologia, 6. Graf, P. and Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11. Groome, D. (2006). An introduction to cognitive psychology: processes and disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Psychology Press. McDougall, W. (1923). Outline of Psychology. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. McLeod, S. A. (2007). Short Term Memory. online] Retrieved from: http://www. simplypsychology. org/short-term-memory. html [Accessed: 7 Mar 2013]. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Primacy-Recency. [online] Retrieved from: http://www. simplypsychology. org/primacy-recency. html [Accessed: 7 Mar 2013]. Miller, G. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63. Murd ock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64. Myers, D. (2010). Psychology. 9th ed.New York: Worth Publishers. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit Memory: History and Current Status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13 (3). Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74. Squire, L. R. (2004). Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82. Tulving, E. , Schacter, D. L. , & Stark, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8. Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds. ), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26. Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist. 40(4). Tulving, E. (1993). What is episodic memory? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2. Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53.

Review of Mario Puzo’s Six Graves to Munich Essay

Mario Puzo’s obsession with the European underworld begins with Munich, before he enthralled us with ‘The Sicilian’. Mario Puzo, writing as Mario Cleri delivers a straightforward revenge story. The plot is not intense or tight. Compiled a year before he gave us ‘The Godfather’, the plot celebrates Michael Rogan, the protagonist. Captain Michael Rogan is transferred to Munich to aid the American Intelligence during the Second World War. He is arrested and tortured by seven Gestapo officers, at the Munich Palace of justice. They murder his pregnant wife, leave him for dead and escape to new identities after the Second World War. Rogan eventually survives, recovers from his horrific injuries and spends the following ten years planning how best to spell revenge. He sets about tracking his Nazi targets, either sides of the Iron Curtain. The plot also explores the themes of love, revenge and lust. Rogan first travels to a sensual night club in the suburbs of Munich to erase his first target. He then escapes to a brothel where he falls for the beautiful Rosalie. Rogan leaves Rosalie at his hide out in Berlin and travels to Spain and Italy to resume his killing spree. And by the time he returns to Munich to eradicate his last target, The German Intelligence and the American Task Force sniff out Rogan’s whereabouts. Rogan, for his serial killing act, makes it to the hit list of the German Intelligence. Six Graves to Munich, was Puzo’s early days a writer. The plot was later adopted by Frederick Forsyth, an English writer for his bestseller ‘The Odessa File’. Puzo’s little known classic has notched itself up there among his other masterpieces.

MID-TERM EXAMINATION Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MID-TERM EXAMINATION - Coursework Example Wealth in this case puts one at a better position to meet such obligation provided there is strong positive attitude towards the specific goals in life. This term is referred to as the show of practical skill and for the systematic knowledge or experience which underlies it. In the case of Socrates in this book the republic, introduction of justice has been given critical analysis and definition such that it makes meaning to any individual from different perspectives of reasoning due to the elements of rhetoric tools underlying the statements. Socrates suggests that the ability to adapt arguments to various types of people is central to a true art or techne of rhetoric. The speaker must discover the kind of speech that matches each type of nature .Picking up another theme in Platos dialogues, the Stoics develop the idea that virtue is a kind of technà ª or craft of life, one that is based on an understanding of the universe. Thrasymachus belong to Sophist school of thought who explained that an action is taken from the view of being advantageous or disadvantageous rather than being right or wrong. This means that morality and law was a subjective issue to the rich who believed in getting away with illegal and immoral actions on the basis of the advantage aspect of the outcome. Thrasymachus argues that the right thing is to act unjustly or immorally, because one should always act in ones own self-interest. He asserts that that law and morality are nothing but mere convention, and that one ought to choose injustice whenever such action would be to one’s advantage. Thrasymachus seeks to be convinced by Socrates on the reason as to why being unjust and immoral is not the right thing if one is to achieve the best in the society. He expressly criticizes the stand of Socrates concerning the truth on justice and its fruits. In essence, the act of immorality gives some group of people a competitive edge over the poor and they consider

Finance and international tread question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance and international tread question - Essay Example These rules and understandings can include informal routines to formal standards for what makes up acceptable conduct and that are sometimes exemplified in an organization, sometimes not. c) Coordination is likely when it is concerned with sustaining an existing set of behaviours and policies (when it is concerned with sustaining a policy regime) than when it is focused on altering policies. d) Monetary, financial, and macroeconomic coordination is most likely in the scenario of extensive comity among countries. Conflict over other matters, whether economic or not, stifles efforts to agree even on technical financial and economic policies (Krugman & Obstfeld 2003, pg. 56). This paper will discuss why the coordination of international trade and financial policy has been so difficult by looking at the reasons why it has proved to be such a challenge for most countries. Key terms Coordination of international trade and financial policy; monetary, financial, and macroeconomic coordinatio n Discussion The current environment for coordination of international trade and financial policy is very different compared to that of the early post-World War 2 period when many long-term conventions of coordination were created under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). There have been significant changes in the policy environment that is required to support coordination (Baldassarri, Paganetto & Phelps 2002, pg. 18). These changes include the balancing of influence among national governments vis-a-vis U.S dominance in the period following WWII, and the establishment of new administrative tools of trade policy as a replacement for the limitations that the GATT coordinated successfully for tariffs. In the economic environment ideal for coordination, the most important change has been the emergence of large, mobile conglomerates that themselves practice cross-border coordination. They are multinationals in both ownership and operations (Sutherland 2004, pg. 30). These changes have been captured in the intellectual environment through the creation of an evaluation of the coordination of trade policy in strategic environment - those with few large rival governments and/or firms – that has challenged views from the esteemed competitive consensus (Branson, Frenkel & Goldstein 2010, pg. 57). These environmental changes coexist with each other. Multinationals make it difficult for any government to define, establish, and implement its â€Å"own† national concerns. Returns accruing from the capital endowment owned by a country’s residents depend on revenue drawn from far-flung foreign partners as well as domestic revenue (Jones & Kenen 2005, pg. 49). Discriminatory border regulations that maximise revenue from one source to the detriment of another have ambiguous ramifications on multinational companies and their owners. Strategic influence over the competitiveness and location of huge, mobile multinationals is a reasonably importa nt goal of modern trade policy, and leads to worries over market access and administrative tools like tax incentives, performance requirements, and unitary tax systems

From the period of the Spanish American War through the end of World Essay - 1

From the period of the Spanish American War through the end of World War two, why does the United States move from relative isol - Essay Example Isolationism denotes to United States’ longstanding unwillingness to become engaged in European wars and alliance. Isolationists embraced the opinion that United States’ perspective upon the globe was dissimilar from that of the European cultures, and that United States could enhance the root of democracy and freedom by channels other than conflict. United States’ isolationism did not denote is entanglement from the global phase. Isolationists, thereby, were not opposed to the impression that the American should be a global player, and much further its ideological, economic, and territorial interests, predominantly within the West Hemisphere. In the 1920's, the United States is seen marinating its isolation policy all through, but also, its aspects of developing into an internationalist. United States can be equated to a jellyfish where it avoided any external involvement except for trade undertakings, and then later it advanced into a hawk- devotedly pledging fo rces to outdoor wars to gain influence and resources. America remained isolationists via factors like dismissal of the Alliance of Nations, as well as closing accesses on migration, yet occasioned internationalist actions. United States moved from a relative isolation to an internationalist when United States domestic support for Cuba independence entangled the American in a conflict with Spain upon the Cuban’s island. The United States went into war with no strategies other than sinking the Spanish convoy in Manila Anchorage and it undertook months to dispatch troops to Spain with the Spanish putting up hardly any resistance. The US was able to conquer Spain; both countries signed the Paris Treaty. The verdict to assist Cuban opposition was a key retreat from the customary United States’ way of liberal patriotism. The consequences of United States’ global involvement resulted in the Cuban sovereignty under the Paris treaty of 1898. The treaty led to the surrender of Spanish chattels to the American country. These included the Guam Island, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. The American abruptly became a colonial hegemony with international dependencies. The United States colonial ac countability became a permanent undertaking and not just a temporary thing. This is seen when United States made reflective changes within its diplomatic posture. This transformation made the United States immune to the early 19th era foreign policies as the nation had transformed and it also possessed nearly all features of a prodigious power. It stood out from other nations in respect to geographic size, population, two oceans, military capability and economic resources. The negotiation of the Paris treaty and the Cuban war placed new responsibilities and duties in the palms of the United States that it vowed to execute as a ruler of nation-states. United States new way of life was a high decree and promise of civilization. The American global involvement rendered it to engage in close as well as more intricate affiliations with other global great powers. This undertaking rendered the conventional foreign policy old-fashioned. This global involvement of the United States saw it re treat from its customary isolation attitude.[4] The American policy formulators were enforced to cogitate a huger global involvement since they had to formulate new policies Asia. This began with the Monroe Policy amendment. The U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt through the Roosevelt Corollary amended the Monroe doctrine. This change was triggered by the uncertainties that the European creditor countries would utilize the unpaid dues of the Latin American countries to obtain political hegemony over them. ________________________________________________________________________ [4]Rosenberg, Emily S. Spreading the American Dream (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), 27. The Monroe doctrine amendment gave the United States the right to exercise a universal police power in the emergence of a transgression or impotence act by any nation. The

British Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Social Policy - Essay Example Starting from the Old Poor Law (established by Elizabethan Act in 1572) which provided the relief to the poor (provision for work, help to immigrations and compulsory poor rate), and up to the current social security benefits (child support, unemployment, income support, and pensions), the social policy has gone though the number of reforms which have changed the delivery of the social and financial assistance. In the early 18th century the number of immigrants to Britain has much increases and most of them were living behind the line of poverty. From economic perspective, the situation in the country was stable and, as the result, the government was able to address the needs of the poor. In particular, the workhouses and poorhouses were established where poor could work and satisfy their basic needs. However, the situation has started to change in the 19th century when the industrial revolution fostered the development of the towns and the rapid population growth. From microeconomic perspective, the government was no longer able to deliver social benefits to the poor and the poverty rate doubled (Laybourn 1995). The Poor Law did not meet the needs of people because the increased population was beyond the British ability to provide for and, moreover, the Poor Law was undermining the wages of the independent workers. The health perspective of social policy was first addressed by the Br... Medical care remained private and voluntary, even though the number of infirmaries grew rapidly. Interestingly, until 1885, there was the law that required people to be poor in order to use infirmaries (Poynter 1960). In the early 1900s, the government has laid the foundation of the modern social policy and social services and the infrastructure of the public services was developed. In the period of 1905-1911 the following acts were developed: Unemployment Workmen Act, Education Act (free school meals), School Medical Services, Pension Act, Labour Exchange Act, National Insurance Act. As the result of such governmental concern with the social policy, the delivery of the social services has much improved and the poverty rate significantly reduced. During the inter-war period, the Widows, Orphans and Old Age Contributory Pension Act was introduced which granted the financial assistance to those who were unable to earn for living because of war (Poynter 1960). The so-called wartime perspective has further influenced the delivery of social policy to British population. In 1942 the National Insurance system was proposed which rested on three perceptions: family allowances, national health service delivery and full employment. The key elements of the welfare state after 1948 included social security, health, housing, education and welfare of children. Unlike the Poor Law that separated these social services, the new social policy was focused on inter-relating the nature of the services as well as emphasizing the importance of each. From theoretical perspective, the Welfare State was not intended to reduce the poverty, but to encourage the provision of social services on the same grounds as roads and libraries (Alcock

Small and Medium Enterprises in an International Cont Essay

Small and Medium Enterprises in an International Cont - Essay Example After 2 years, she moved to a new place in the same locality of North Yorkshire where there was a separate place for showcasing the new designs and she had a workshop for stitching. She had hired tailors and bought new machines and had started to produce dresses for various sizes. Now in 2007, Noni has a team of designers working for her for which she is the creative head. She has a tailoring place, where she has a group of tailors to bring her designs into form and shape. The total employee strength had become 75. The development of her business was financed through bank and Noni was able tor repay all of her bank loans within a period of eight years and by 2000 the business was established with steady profits. But recently there is a lull in the business. She had a few competitors in the area like the Jesslyn and the Mctavish families who were also making wedding gowns along with other gents and ladies formal wear. But Noni's designs, price and quality was much appreciated by the residents and in spite of the competition she was able to grow. Analysis of the reasons for recent slump in business showed that it was because of the e- commerce. After the advent of the internet, people were exposed to a lot of online sources, it was easier for people to buy new and used wedding gowns at very competitive prices. Though Noni believed that her gowns were of better quality compared to those sold online for the same prices as hers, the preference of people to buy online has increased. Hence, Noni has to devise a strategy to survive this competition from the virtual stores. Until now, Noni was concerned about the tastes and preferences of her immediate community which was her market. Also she was taking into account only the competition of her neighboring stores. But now anybody from across the world who has the taste to design gowns can start an online business and can steal a customer from Noni. Also, another factor which Noni has to consider is that, because of the advent of the information technology, consumers are flooded with information. People can easily access to fashion and trends in the major fashion capitals and they are very knowledgeable about the technicalities of making a dress. Hence, the expectation of the consumers has increased a lot. They compare the designs and costs from various shops not only in the neighborhood but also in US or in Europe and they know whether they are getting a deal or not. Hence, to survive and grow in this kind of an environment is a real challenge for Noni and her Best Bride. Survival strategy The strategy Noni thought about is that she wanted to carryout and extensive market research covering her whole neighborhood, but the dependency of the business on her and her financial conditions did not permit that. Instead she listed the strengths of Best Bride. These strengths were the factors which made her business grow in the first place. So she wanted to find out whether she had deviated from the factors which had contributed her growth. The two Ps she was concerned about like most of other SMEs were the Price and Product. It was true that her business was dependent on her and she was just tackling the everyday problems which had added to her strength in the area of designs and quality of the product. To tackle the competition from virtual stores Noni, thought about the following strategies: 1. Concentrate on the promotion 2. Enter new

Adult Day Services at the WBRP Nursing Home in Flushing, Queens, New Essay

Adult Day Services at the WBRP Nursing Home in Flushing, Queens, New York - Essay Example The paper presents the results of the analyses and the formation of a preliminary set of strategies to take advantage of the identified opportunities (National Adult Day Services Association, 2012; National Adult Day Services Association, 2010; The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2010; Gleckman, 2009; International Health Economics, 2011; Hicks et al., 2004; National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012; Center on Age and Community, 2010). II. Market Analysis A. Market Demographics, Size, Characteristics While the nursing home is in Flushing, Queens, New York, we take the whole potential market for nursing home services and related services, existing or the be introduced, to consist of target market customers living in the greater Queens, New York area. This is a conservative estimate, as with proper marketing and targeting the target market geographically speaking can be as broad as the whole of New York City. Focusing on Queens, the statistics are that the total population has been stati c at around 2.3 million in 2010, roughly the same level as in 2000. People over 65 years of age made up 12.8 percent of the population, or more than 230,000 residents above that age. Some estimates put the number of people over 65 at about 283,000, with roughly equal numbers of men and women, and about 44 percent of the overall population being of Caucasian descent, 20 percent African American, and 17.6 percent Asian. This is the rough estimate of the potential market size for nursing home and related services in the Queens area of New York (US Census Bureau, 2012; Onboard Informatics, 2011; Wolfram Alpha LLC, 2012; ePodunk, 2007; Roleke, 2012). Prospectively, however, hypothesizing that adult day services provision is viable, the target market is expanded to include all adults who may avail of such services, short-term and long term. This expands the market size to all but those who are under 18 years old and living in Queens, or all Queens residents except for about 21 percent of the population, who are minors (US Census Bureau, 2012; Onboard Informatics, 2011; Wolfram Alpha LLC, 2012; ePodunk, 2007; Roleke, 2012) The median income of a household is pegged at roughly the same amount as the city median income, at about 55,300 dollars, while the cost of living is much higher as judged by the cost of living index of about 159, much higher than the national average of 100. This is a relatively wealthy neighborhood, and therefore is ripe for services tied to nursing home services (US Census Bureau, 2012; Onboard Informatics, 2011; Wolfram Alpha LLC, 2012; ePodunk, 2007; Roleke, 2012; Hevesi and Bleiwas, 2006). B. Market Trends, Events of Impact The recent recession has brought about changes in the buying power and long-term financial viability of a large swath of the American population, including people in Queens, New York. This has had an impact on the ability of people over 65 years to finance long-term care on their own and with the help of family. This in tu rn has had an impact on the viability of providers of long-term care to the elderly, including nursing homes and providers of corollary services to homes (The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2010; Gleckman, 2009; International Health Economics, 2011; Hicks et al., 2004; National Bureau of Economic Research,

Recognizing Cultural Differences Essay Example for Free

Recognizing Cultural Differences Essay I have worked for Pizza Hut for a total of nine years. This company claims that they are considered an equal opportunity employer. They claim that they follow the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This means that they cannot and do not discriminate against their employees (current and potential) based on several things: race, gender, religion, or national origin. This commission was set into place on July 2, 1965. Several other protected classes were added later on. These include, age (if the person is over 40), disability, family history, military history, and most recently, sexual orientation (Wikipedia, 2012). Although Pizza Hut does recognize cultural differences amongst their employees as well as their customers, I have seen times where Pizza Hut has faltered. Recognizing Culturally Different Employees Pizza Hut does several things that recognize the cultural differences amongst their employees. The first is that we are closed on Christmas and Thanksgiving days. This not only allows us to spend time with our families, but it also allows us to celebrate the true meaning of these holidays. Our company does not have a Christmas party because we do not want to exclude anyone that does not celebrate these holidays. We do have a couple people who do not. We also have a couple of employees who have had to alter their uniform due to the beliefs that their culture believes in. There are some religions that believe that women should always be in an ankle length skirt. We do have one or two employees that are able to continue to honor this belief, even though our uniform includes black pants. My company also has a variety of different cultures working for us. We have African Americans, Hispanics, Pakistanis, Bulgarians, and whites. To be a part of a crew like this has made for a great educational experience for me and my other co-workers. I learn something new from these cultures almost every day. This company also recognizes the cultural differences amongst our customers. During the religious period, Lent, we offer specials on Fridays for those customers that do not eat meat on Fridays, per Lent. We do have customers that are vegetarian by choice or due to their culture. The way that we accommodate and recognize this is that we make sure that when these types of pizzas are ordered, we cut the pizzas with a clean knife and we change our gloves to make sure there is no cross-contamination. The best way that I have seen our company recognize the differences amongst our employees and our customers is that we take extra special care concerning people with disabilities. We have an employee that has severe attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. As a co-worker as well as a mentor to the new employees, I have set up different types of training modules in order to accommodate for different learning disabilities. This is one thing that I am really proud of. For our district, we have a binder that has different modules of training to help accommodate the employees that have certain learning disabilities. I have had to experience using the general training methods on people who have a hard time learning unless it is done a certain way. I used to get frustrated when they just did not seem to get it. By using the training kits and tools we have now, our company has helped to train employees of all types. Breach of Cultural Awareness As proud as I am to boast about all the good things that my company does to recognize cultural differences, there are some things that I have seen that make me ashamed to say that I work for them. It is not just Pizza Hut, but there are a lot of companies that say they do one thing but they actually do the complete opposite. For example, my store in particular states that we do not discriminate against anyone based on gender. The truth is my boss does to an extent. All members of management are male. Our entire dining room staff is women. To me, I feel like I am being discriminated against due to the fact that I am a woman. I have the qualifications as well as the knowledge to become a member of management. In fact, I have passed all the necessary tests and interviews, but my boss continues to make excuses as to why I have not been promoted yet. Another example of a breach in cultural awareness is one that makes me really ashamed to say I work for this boss. I have heard on several occasions that my boss does not like hiring African Americans. This is something that bothers me a lot because I think that prejudice and racism is completely uncalled for. Recently, we had an applicant come in for an interview and to take the assessment test. He passed the test better than most of our other employees. I was able to observe this interview and was complete appalled by what I saw. My boss did not really interview him like he did me when I got hired. He truly acted like he was not interested in anything that the applicant had to say. In fact, after the interview, my boss told me that he was not going to hire him. He said he was not qualified. I informed him that I thought he would have thought different had he actually listened to him during the interview. He finally told me what his reason was for not wanting to hire him. He said that he does not like to hire African Americans because they are lazy and he has had bad experiences with them as far as work is concerned. This comment angered me to a point where I almost quit because I did not want to work for a company that would allow this type of discrimination. I talked to my area coach about this. After this talk, the applicant was hired and has become an incredibly hard worker. He is actually one of our best. Both of these examples are inappropriate because not only are they against the law, but they are against any moral that I know or believe. It is wrong to discriminate against people for any reason. The classes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission protect do not identify the type of worker you are. Just because I am a woman does not mean that I am not capable of running the store when my boss is not there. It does not mean that I do not know how to protect myself concerning my safety as well as my fellow employees. The skin color does not depict what type of worker that specific person is. My boss said he had a bad experience with that particular race. This does not mean that the entire race needs to be punished. Conclusion Just because a company says that they follow the law established by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission does not mean that they do. Of course, concerning rule book, they do. Just like case with Pizza Hut, there is always going to be some type of discrimination. Every company has the good things that they do to recognize the differences amongst their employees, but I also believe that there are going to be the blunders as well. Companies have been getting away with blunders for a long time. The blunders seem to be overshadowed by the recognition that the companies give.

Management In Hsbc Uk Plc Management Essay

Management In Hsbc Uk Plc Management Essay Leadership is one of the complex roles in the corporate society, it is a complete connection of power and management .Leadership and Management are the two branches of one tree, where management is more related to goal or result driven practices and whereas the leadership is to take with the employment driven work. Therefore leadership and management both are requiring to give a company is effective foundation. Leadership is more of an individual power, whereas the management is to understand the requirements of the employees and get them satisfaction in achievements. Leadership can be explained with few theories .in the following sections it will briefly described: Transformational Theory (Leadership Style) Transactional Theory (Management Style) HSBC UK PLC is been very clear toward its way its treat its customer, owners and shareholders. The leadership in HSBC is not only providing stable environment for the employees but also for the communities .HSBC key principle is key business value The way the management work is to get and deliver the best. To expect and demand the best result from the employees. The leadership in HSBC has four main pillars, which has not only made them very competitive but also highly motivated. The four pillars of HSBC are following: COMMITMENTS LOYALTY HARDWORK INTEGRITY HSBC has a clear view of the outcome from the employee .HSBC UK PLC believe in high productivity through highly committed team. The team in HSBC will always be very productive ,loyal to the company and highly professional.Therfore the steps taken by the management and the team leaders are well supported by the team members and well appreciated it not only that they feel sense of achievement in their respective work. HSBC has a transparent process for the team members to provide them support in the work by listening and then getting feedback from them. Thus through this leadership style there is an absolute increase the performance and day to day productivity. In the following parts of the report it is the purpose to provide elaborate analysis of the factors affecting the leadership and management style in HSBC UK PLC. ANALYSIS OF THE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STYLES IN THE HSBC UK PLC The time and the decade we living in right now is very fascinating as there is so much changing, when there is everything being asked for a reason, challenging environment. Where the long history of banks culture and ideas has been brought to the table and been re-think and turned. Most of the issues are been co-related to the leadership style, there is a big relation between a company progress and the leadership style they adapt. At the moment HSBC is been facing so much challenges, where there is a huge uncertainties and great risk in everything. The current environment has so many challenges with European debt and future of euro fading. There are largely necessary action has been taken by the HSBC to resolve things and to make it less volatile. These effect the key role of the leadership and management in HSBC ,with so many challenges comes every day to them, its hard for a leader in HSBC to make decision which will not only affects its position in market but also stockholders. Currently the leadership style is to follow the mood of the public rather than taking a survey of them, they giving them what they like .The current situation is to play with the emotions with the public and hence getting the results . They are few key things which a leader and management in HSBC UK PLC have particular influences: Stockholders FSA(Financial Service Authority) Customers Staff Environment/ politics The stockholders are been equally take care of and also the regulators has been given enough details of the operations. It has helped them to create equity and security for a disaster time, the key area of management in HSBC UK is to reduce the risk equality in each case. Where they can increase liquidity and decrease the toxic assets. There are few hurdles also but with the right management and leadership going on it wont be talk of the past soon. Though they are few points mentioning which included giving out more information to each staff, so that they can become more expertise about the field and can reduce risk and not to forget the important part is to check the stress of the employee with the HSBC UK history. It has always given priority to its employee though few more points like communication and transparency between the team is equally essential. It has a become a primary goal of the leaders and management in HSBC UK to constrain the problems and deal it with more critical and suitable way. The objective has become more growth oriented and need adequate support of each employee. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN HSBC UK PLC HSBC UK PLC was first incorporated in England and wales in 1990 and its headquarter is here in London since 1993.The headquarters was in Hong Kong before till 1992 when it was forced to move out because of acquisition with in recent past it has acquired few acquisitions in china getting its few connection back. In the year 2002 it came up with a campaign which has USP with its all competitors The world local bank. HSBC PLC has around 1000 branches throughout uk and also have presence in Ireland and wales.HSBC also is the first bank in uk to provide assistance in lending with Islamic law of sharia ,which doesnt allow the bank to charge any interest which is called HSBC AMANAH . During all these operation and function leaders and management has a critical role to play. They have to go through various factors. In this we are going to talk about the two factors: Internal Elements External Elements INTERNAL ELEMENTS In HSBC UK PLC it is been affected with the internal factors, which has employees, team leaders and the culture with the office. There are other factors too but as a leaders and management there are few specific factors which affects them. These are the following elements: Corporate culture within the office Policies Ethics Structures CORPORATE CULTURE: In HSBC is move of value and beliefs that they want everyone to commit. As mentioned before the HSBC like to keep the best employee and treat them as family. The culture in HSBC is to support and understand the employee also to give them the opportunity to grow there carrier, they also have high rate modality in which performance is based on. POLICIES: The leaders and managements makes sure that the policies been driven by the company are clearly symbolization of their culture. The management in HSBC has always made sure that there policies are very transparent and each and every product should be designed in such a way that it is very easy, understandable and fair for customers. ETHICS: In HSBC the leaders take ethics way of controlling and stabilizing the bank values and beliefs. The leadership style is much more and everyone gets to say there ideas, They believe in brainstorming to get better results which will not only bring efficiency in the results but also marks the personality of the employee. STRUCTURE : The structure in HSBC UK PLC is quite higharchial .The leaders and management decides how much and what kind of information will be passed through the organisation and also determines the responsibility of each departments and there responsibility and who is responsible in making decisions .Though it has very horizontal structure. The management has always helps the employee to get better out in the competition of best or the survival of the fittest. EXTERNAL ELEMENTS : In HSBC UK PLC external elements are factors that influence the decisions of the leaders and managements in the bank. It also depends upon the success of their hard work. External elements can be break down into following: TECHNOLOGY POLITICS CURRENT ECONOMY COMPETETIONS In HSBC UK PLC technology is the main stream to connect with customers also it helps them provide better service. The leaders in HSBC UK PLC has made sure they are always up to date with the technology .Therefore the customers can access to all services, the online banking systems with also password protected keypads is a great example of the technology used by HSBC UK PLC. The HSBC UK PLC has grown so much in past years and it has so much more to do and to achieve that it also has to go through regulation, which are been govern by FSA .FSA has very very strict regulation and legal framework with which HSBC is been following through there is been news that in some of the countries there is been some illegal activities but for which HSBC has put up investigation on tithe HSBC UK PLC policies and terms has been drawn in taking government regulation in Banking. Economy is also has a huge influence in HSBC UK Plc., the inflation, adverse effect worldwide has strong impact on the organistaion.The interest rate has great effect on UK, which also brings all uncertainties in the final outcomes of HSBC UK PLC results but with all these conditions HSBC UK PLC has to take all its competition from all banks, which at the moment HSBC UK PLC leaders and management has made good deal and produce very good results. CONCLUSIONS From the finding and analysis it can be concluded that leadership and management in HSBC UK PLC is most essential and strongest bond that has hold it in banking and financial organisation world. It has moved to all over to UK and operates a full service bank, with really effective and efficient leadership and quality managements the value and beliefs has been driven tremendously brilliant .The higharchy in the bank has also given a sense of satisfaction and feeling of loyalty toward the company. The employee has work very effectively and hence producing great result. The HSBC UK PLC has done their job very well in keeping company aims, vision, goals and objectives alive. There is uniqueness in leadership and management in HSBC UK PLC that is they always think of future and they are very sustainable about their future here, starting from small to large business investments. Therefore with growing completion and challenges the HSBC leadership needs to be connected to the inside operation of the company. Eventually it will affect the outcome of the organisation. It is also important for the leaders to manage more on employees by keeping them informed but also giving them more knowledge about global industry .By doing this the management will have more knowledge about their employee and can giving exact decision of what to be done for the employee to keep them motivated and satisfied and as mentioned above the culture will play a crucial part in defining efficiency of organisation. HSBC UK plc. is a garden of different beautiful culture ,if it not been passed orderly it could result in disaster .Therefore proper action should be taken that employee from the different culture are taken seriously. Hence the HSBC UK PLC will improve its position and sustainability.

Computer Networking

Computer Networking 1. Data Link Layer Protocols always put CRC in there trailer rather than in the header. Why? Ans. The CRC is computed during transmission and appended to the output stream as soon as the last bit goes out onto the wire. But If we put CRC in the header, before transmitting it is necessary to compute CRC bits and then add it. This approach will result in handling of each byte twice once for check summing and once for transmitting. While addition of CRC in trailer results is the easy way and less effort. Thats the reason why we add CRC at the trailer part of the frame. 2. Slotted aloha is a improved version on aloha protocol. On what factors the improvement is implemented in slotted aloha. Ans. In case of slotted ALOHA concept of time slot has been introduced. During the transmission we make use of this time slot to send a frame. A frame will be send only at the beginning of the time slot. As a result of this method the chances of collision decreases considerably. Vulnerable time in case of slotted ALOHA is also less than the vulnerable time in pure aloha. Or in other words we can say that the vulnerable time is just half in the slotted ALOHA as compared to that of ALOHA. As the probability of collisions has been decreased this results in the increased efficiency of the transmission. 3.When bit stuffing is used, is it possible for loss, insertion or modification of a single bit to cause an error not detected by checksum? If not why not? If so how? Does checksum play a role there? Ans. Yes. There is a possibility of modification a single bit which will result in an error. But this error can easily be detected by the checksum error detection method. This is so because checksum is the sum of the data elements to be transmitted. If a bit in frame get modified then it will result in the change of sum of the data elements. Which in turn will change the checksum. And if the chechsum dose not match at both the sides then error will be detected by the receiver. Also there is chance of loss of a bits. Lets suppose if there change occurs in the bit which was stuffed in the data part means stuffed 0 bit becomes 1. in this case receiver will take it as flag and conseder it as the end of the frame which will finally result in the loss of some data bits. This loss of data bits can easily be detected by the checksum method. As due to the loss of data bits the sum will change and it will result in change in checksum number. And the error will be detected easily. Insertion of a bit is not possible because flags are used to indicate the start and end of a frame. And also the size of the frame is fixed. So we can not add one extra bit to the frame. 4. Give two reasons why network might use an error correcting code instead of error detection and retransmission? Ans. Sending data with error correcting code and detecting error then ask for retransmission of data are two different methods used for data transmission. The 1st option have some advantages over the 2nd one. 1> Fast transmission of data takes place. If any frame is received with error then receiver can regenerate the correct frame using the error control information. While in 2nd case receiver will 1st send request for retransmission of that particular frame then sender will again send that frame, which is a very time consuming process. 2> Efficiency of transmission increases. If we use 1st option then the whole bandwidth of the channel will be used to send the data only in one direction which will automatically increases the data transmission efficiency. While in case of 2nd option bandwidth of the channel is divided in two parts which results in loss of efficiency. 5. Wireless transmission and wired transmission use different set of multiple channel allocation strategies. Why there was a need of avoidance when detection was already available? Ans. In case of wired transmission we use wires for the transmission. If data have to send over a small distance it is easily transferred but if data is to be send over a long distance then we makes use of repeaters. Because of the repeaters the energy of the frames are maintained. So if any collision occurs in wired connection then it is easy to recover the data. While in case of wireless transmission data travels through the air which results in loss of energy of the packets. During transmission energy of the data packets decreases. So if collision occurs then the packets destroy easily and completely. So we need to avoid collisions in case of wireless transmission. 6. Blue tooth supports two types of links between a slave and master .What are they and why is each one used for? Ans. There are two types of link that can be created between a primary ( Master ) and a secondary ( Slave ) stations. 1> SCO, Synchronous connection oriented. This connection is used when it is more important to deliver data in time ( to avoid latency) than integrity ( i. e. error-free delivery ). The basic units of connection is two slots, one for each direction. At regular intervals specific slots are reserved for primary and secondary stations to establish the connection. If any error occurs ( such as packet lost) then it is never retransmitted. This type of connection is used in real-time applications. 2> ACL, Asynchronous connectionless link. This type of connection is used when data integrity is more important than avoiding delay in data delivery. If any error occurs, then the damaged frame is retransmited. The number of slots are not fixed for ACL, it can use one, two or more number of slots. After the arrival of the data frame secondary station sends ACL frame if and only if the previous slot has been addressed to it. 7. Using 5-bit sequence numbers, what is the maximum size of the send and receive windows for each of the following protocols? a. Stop-and-Wait ARQ Ans. In this protocol sequence number is based on modulo-2 arithmeetic. Send window Size :- 1 ( always ) Receive Window Size :- 1 ( always ) b. Go-Back-N ARQ Ans. Send window size :- 32 ( frames numbering from 0 to 31 ) receive window size:- 1 ( always ) c. Selective-Repeat ARQ Ans. In this protocol the size of send window is equal to receive window. Send Window size :- 16 Receive Window size :- 16 8. If an Ethernet destination address is 07:01:02:03:04:05, what is the type of the address (unicast, multicast, or broadcast)? Ans. A source address is always a unicast address as frame comes only from one station. Now destination address can be unicast, multicast or broadcast. To identify a address wheather it is a unicast or a multicast we conseder least significant bit of the 1st byte. If this bit is 0 then address is Unicast. If this bit is 1 then address is Multicast. While broadcast address is a special case of the multicast address. If all the bits in the this 6 byte address are 1 then its a broadcast address.

How Irish History Affected Its Music :: essays research papers

Reilly 1 How Irish History Affects Its Music   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After seven hundred years of British rule, and many uprisings that ended in failure, Ireland had reached a breakthrough. This breakthrough had an affect on many different people, especially Irish musicians. The series of uprisings and wars that led to the freedom of most of Ireland developed a new form of Irish music; the rebel songs. On Easter Monday of 1916, the first shot of the Easter Uprising was fired. Six members of the Irish Citizen Army shot a policeman on the streets of Dublin in the head. This was the start of a new era, an era where Ireland would be free. Pearse, the Commander in chief of the Irish Citizen Army, and Connolly, the leader of the Dublin division, led the main body of troops through Dublin to the General Post Office. The G.P.A. became the rebels’ headquarters for the six-day battle against the British Army. There were heavy casualties on the British side, but the Irish were still unsuccessful. There statement was made though, and they surrendered on the following Sunday. Two thousand people were arrested that day, and the leaders Reilly 2 were put to death. Even though the original opinion of the people about the uprising wasn’t in favor of it, after the death of the leaders they were outraged. (Coogan,†Troubles† pgs. 19-25) In May of 1918 the remainder of the prisoners were released. The shadow government and the Irish Republican Army were established. Eamon DeVelera was the president of the shadow government, and Michael Collins and Harry Boland, his right hand men, are associated with the IRA’s establishment. The IRA performed many rebellious acts towards the British and any Irish spies that they hired. The British felt that something needed to be done but did not have the troops due to the First World War. To work around this they sent in a hand-picked elite group that were called the Black and Tans. An Irish spy that was giving information to the IRA in return for his life informed them of the Black and Tans addresses. They then went and killed many of them. This led to the British calling a truce. (Coogan,†Troubles†,pgs. 35-42) Michael Collins was chosen to go over to London to negotiate this truce. They came to an agreement that Reilly 3 Ireland, except six northern counties known as Ulster, would become a freestate, but still pledge allegiance to Britain.

tragoed Comparing Tragedy in Hamlet and Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) :: comparison compare contrast essays

Tragedy in Hamlet and Oedipus the King Tragedy comes in many forms, for example earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes are all types of tragedies. On the other hand, when talking about tragedy in literature, it has a whole different meaning. Tragedy in literature is on a smaller scale than things like earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes. In literature tragedy is usually about one person and the horrible things that happen to them during their life in a story or play. Oedipus is the main character in the play Oedipus the King. Oedipus is thought of as a tragic figure because he was doomed from birth. Tiresias, an old blind prophet, told Oedipus' parents about Oedipus' fate. He told them that Oedipus would kill his father and sleep with his mother. So, his parents decided to have him killed, only it did not happen that way. He was passed off by two shepherds and finally to the King and Queen of Corinth, Polybus and Merope to raise him as their own. Oedipus finds his way back to Thebes and on the way kills his father, but Oedipus did not know that one of the men he killed was his real father. This is the beginning of the prophecy coming true. In short Oedipus obtains the throne, Marries his mother and has kids with her. Oedipus' fate has come together without him even realizing what is going on. Eventually he is told what has happened and asks to be banished by his uncle/brother-in-law Creon. The tragedy in Oedipus' life began with his birth and the realization by his parents that his whole life was doomed. However on the other hand, Hamlet did not know that his life would be a tragic one. Hamlets' fate played out through his whole life. No one knew that hamlet's life would end up the way that it did. Hamlets' life first changed when his Uncle Claudius killed Hamlet's father, the King and Claudius' brother. Claudius just wanted to get to the Queen Gertrude. So he committed the worst sin and killed the King. Claudius weaseled his way into Hamlet Jr.' spot on the throne as King. There are many reasons why both of these characters are classified as tragic figures. First off Oedipus' fate was determined from birth, and no one knew Hamlet's fate. Oedipus's parents sent him off to be killed, and Hamlet's father was killed by his brother Claudius.